The richest 10 per cent of people produce half of Earth's climate-harming fossil-fuel emissions, while the poorest half contribute a mere 10 per cent, British charity Oxfam said in a study released today.Oxfam published the numbers as negotiators from 195 countries met in Paris climate change to wrangle over a climate rescue pact.Disputes over how to share responsibility for curbing greenhouse-gas emissions and aiding climate-vulnerable countries are among the thorniest and longest-running issues in the 25-year-old UN climate process."Rich, high emitters should be held accountable for their emissions, no matter where they live," Oxfam climate policy head Tim Gore said in a statement."But it's easy to forget that rapidly developing economies are also home to the majority of the world's very poorest people and while they have to do their fair share, it is rich countries that should still lead the way."The report said that an average person among the richest one per cent emits 175 times more carbon than his or her counterpart among the bottom 10 percent.Rich and developing nations remain deeply divided on the issue of "differentiation" -- how to share out responsibility for curbing greenhouse gas emissions, which derive mainly from burning coal, oil and gas.Developing countries say the West has polluted for much longer and should shoulder a bigger obligation for cutting back.They also demand assurances of finance to help them shift to less-polluting renewable energy, shore up defences against Paris climate change conference impacts such as sea level rise, droughts and superstorms, and to cover damage that cannot be avoided."We hope advanced nations will assume ambitious targets and pursue them sincerely. It's not just a question of historical responsibility -- they also have the most room to make the cuts and make the strongest impact," Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi told Monday's opening of the summit by world leaders.Yet many rich nations, led by the United States, reject the idea of a "bifurcated" approach with obligations placed on one group of countries, and not the other.They point to the risk of carbon emissions -- as measured by volume, rather than per capita -- from emerging giants such as China and India.Oxfam said its analysis "helps dispel the myth that citizens in rapidly developing countries are somehow most to blame for climate change".
Twenty countries, including India, the US and China, will today launch an initiative to double their clean energy research and development budget over the next five years as part of global efforts to tackle climate change.The total amount of money being committed by these 20 countries - under 'Mission Innovation' -- amount to $20 billion, about half of which would come from the US, White House officials said.A formal announcement of the initiative is expected later in the day at a meeting attended by US President Barack Obama, Prime MinisterNarendra Modi and French President Francois Hollande along with other leaders from the private and public sector, a White House official told reporters before Obama left for Paris to attend the crucial paris climate change summit here.These additional resources will dramatically expand the new technologies that will define a future global power mix that is clean, affordable and reliable, the White House said."This is an effort designed to accelerate clean energy innovation and address global climate change, provide affordable clean energy to consumers with a special focus on the developing world in creating commercial opportunities for creating clean energy in developing countries," top Obama adviser Brian Deese told reporters.Other participating countries include France, Germany, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Denmark, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Mexico, Norway, Saudi Arabia, Sweden, the UAE and the UK.These 20 countries accounts for over 80 per cent of global clean energy R&D."One thing that we know clearly is that the investment in basic research in clean energy technologies needs to be connected to private capital that's willing to deploy against the most promising of those technologies and help bring them to scale," Deese said.Noting that individual countries will focus on clean energy efforts that suit their needs, like energy efficiency or reducing hydrofluorocarbons, US Energy Secretary Ernest Moniz said in the US' increase in funding, about 15 per cent per year starting in 2017, would rely on Congress."There's a lot of support for innovation," he said.In addition to 'Mission Innovation', another initiative called 'Breakthrough Energy Coalition' will be launched simultaneously.Spearheaded by Bill Gates, it is a global group of private investors that will take the risks that allow the early stage energy companies that emerge from the research programmes of 'Mission Innovation' countries to come out of the lab and into the marketplace."Paris climate change conference the renewable technologies we have today, like wind and solar, have made a lot of progress and could be one path to a zero-carbon energy future," Microsoft founder Bill Gates said in a statement."But given the scale of the challenge, we need to be exploring many different paths and that means we also need to invent new approaches. Private companies will ultimately develop these energy breakthroughs, but their work will rely on the kind of basic research that only governments can fund. Both have a role to play," Gates said.He noted that the world's growing demand for energy is also a big problem, because most of that energy comes from hydrocarbons, which emit greenhouse gases and drive climate change."So we need to move to sources of energy that are affordable and reliable, and don't produce any carbon," he said.
